ACCURATE SOIL SAMPLING

Step by Step on on how to collect soil samples for testing
ACCURATE SOIL SAMPLING

Accurate sampling is absolutely critical to a successful soil management plan as all recommendations are based on the samples submitted to labs.

SELECTING SAMPLE AREAS
The actual size of the sample area is determined by certain factors. Areas that differ in any of the following must be sampled separately:

Soil type, previous cropping, previous lime or fertilizer applications, slope, drainage

Where very large areas of land are uniform, divide the land into areas that would be treated as a unit (i.e. one field), and sample these areas individually.

One sample should not represent more than one field, as individual fields will have had different treatments in the past. Large fields can be divided for sampling purposes into two or three smaller sections

Sampling depth Depth of sampling is critical because tillage and nutrient mobility in the soil can influence nutrient levels in different soil zones. Sampling depth depends on the crop, cultural practices, tillage depth and the nutrients to be analyzed.

Plant roots, biological activity and nutrient levels occur mainly in the surface layers (0-25 cm) hence most of the soil samples are collected within this layer. For tree crops, samples from 30 – 50 cm can also be collected.

Sampling Procedure One sample should consist of between 20 - 30 cores taken from the set area. It is recommended that the cores be taken from the area in a zigzag pattern as shown in the field figure 2

ONCE IN THE FIELD CARRY OUT SAMPLING AS FOLLOWS:

1) Divide your field into areas which have the same soil type, color, slope, fertilizer and crop history Figure 3 ( source Crop Nutrition Laboratories)

2) Scrape away surface litter and crop residues and sample the whole core from the true soil surface to 25 cm depth

3) Take between 20-30 cores from each uniform soil area. Place each core in a bucket and mix them thoroughly once you have taken all the cores.

4) Fill the soil sample bag half full (500g) from this mixed representative sample.

5) Several different tools such as a soil sampling tube, soil auger, or spade may be used in taking soil samples. Label the bag carefully with you company name, farm name, field name, sample depth and crop to be grown.

6) Avoid taking samples from areas such as lime piles, fertilizer spills, gate areas, livestock congregation areas, poorly drained areas, dead furrows, fertilizer bands, old fence rows, or any other unusual areas.

7) Do not use galvanized, soft steel or brass equipment if trace metal analyses are desired.

Sample handling and dispatch to lab If possible soil samples that are moist should be air dried on site away from dust contamination and not in direct sunlight.

STUDENTS SPREADING HIV/AIDS IN INSTITUTIONS

KENYA: Kisii Town in Shock after Rongo University Girl Reveals on Facebook she has Infected 31 Lecturers and Students with AIDS

Earlier this week, The Whole of Kisii Town was thrown into shock after a Kisii lady named, Millicent B Motende, bragged on facebook that she has infected 31 men with the HIV virus and she is on a mission of leading men to their graves by spreading the deadly virus. The post first appeared on a Kisii Group on facebook and later on another group with her swearing that she is targeting 76 more.

Motende Milicent is a student at Rongo University College and she has been dishing out her flesh to other male students and lecturers without using protection. She also gives out her honey jar freely around popular entertainment joints in Kisii.
A reliable source told me that she is on a mission of infecting more men and among those already infected are two lecturers at Rongo University.
Was her facebook page hacked and someone posted that? I don’t know, I tried contacting her and this is how she responded
i thank GOD i hv yu@ ****** infct wengi wananifuata!!!j who said milly is the desperate bitch!!!
She has since then changed her facebook username from Mee Lee Motende and opened another one under Millcent B Motende and has been unreachable.
As the people’s watchmen, I release her photos so that men can avoid her like plague. If you have had any s3xual contact with her, visit the nearest VCT centre as soon as possible

Scientists delete DNA in HIV virus

Scientists 'delete' HIV virus from human DNA for the first time

Scientists used a DNA-snipping enzyme called Cas9 to cut out the virus
The cell's gene repair machinery then takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together – resulting in a virus-free cell
Process could also be a cure for other latent infections, researchers say
'It's an exciting discovery, but not ready to go into the clinic,' said Dr Khalili
Once HIV conquers a human cell, it will stay there forever.

It inserts its deadly genome permanently into its victims' DNA, forcing them to require medical treatment for the rest of their life.

But now, for the first time, researchers in Philadelphia have found a way to completely delete HIV from human cells by ‘snipping’ them out.

For the first time, researchers in Philadelphia have found a way to completely delete the HIV virus (pictured) from human cells by ¿snipping¿ them out. The process could also provide a cure for other latent infections
The team of Temple University School of Medicine said the breakthrough marks the first successful attempt to eliminate latent HIV-1 virus from human cells – and could be a cure for other latent infections.
Feeling forgetful? Just ONE bad night's sleep can have a dramatic effect on your memory, researchers warn
‘This is one important step on the path toward a permanent cure for AIDS,' said Kamel Khalili, PhD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience at Temple.

'It's an exciting discovery, but it's not yet ready to go into the clinic. It's a proof of concept that we're moving in the right direction,' he added,

Temple University makes promising steps towards cure for HIV
In a study published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr Khalili and colleagues detail how they created molecular tools to delete the HIV-1 proviral DNA.

HOW THE PROCESS WORKS

Researchers based the two-part HIV-1 editor on a system that evolved as a bacterial defence mechanism to protect against infection.

When deployed, a combination of a DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and a targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and remove the HIV-1 DNA.

Dr Khalili's lab engineered a 20-nucleotide strand of gRNA to target the HIV-1 DNA and paired it with a DNA-sniping enzyme called Cas9 and used to edit the human genome.

From there, the cell's gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together – resulting in virus-free cells.

When deployed, a combination of a DNA-snipping enzyme called a nuclease and a targeting strand of RNA called a guide RNA (gRNA) hunt down the viral genome and remove the HIV-1 DNA.

From there, the cell's gene repair machinery takes over, soldering the loose ends of the genome back together – resulting in virus-free cells.

'Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease,' explained Dr Khalili.

These molecular tools also hold promise as a therapeutic vaccine; cells armed with the nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection.

Worldwide, more than 33 million people have HIV, including more than 1 million in the United States.

Every year, another 50,000 Americans contract the virus, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In the UK, around 100,000 people were living with HIV in the UK in 2013. That’s around one person in 665.

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (Haart) has controlled HIV-1 for infected people in the developed world over the last 15 years, the virus can rage again with any interruption in treatment.